Glossary

=Chapter 17 Glossary= -Psychology Seventh Edition by David G. Meyers

__The Psychological Therapies__

 * Active Listening~** empathtic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy
 * Aversive conditioning~** a type of countercondioning that asssociates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
 * Behavior Therapy~**therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination unwanted behaviors
 * Client-centered Therapy**~ a humanistic therapy, delvelped by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy)
 * Cognitive-behavior therapy~** a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
 * Cognitive therapy~** therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
 * Counterconditioning**~ a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Including systematic //desensitization// and //aversive conditioning//
 * Eclectic Approach**~ an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
 * Exposure Therapies**~ behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
 * Family Therapy**~ therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members;attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.
 * Interpretation**~ in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meaning, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
 * Psychoanalysis**~ Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretaions of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
 * Psychotherapy**~ an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
 * Resistance**~ in psychoananylsis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
 * Systematic Desensitization**~ a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias
 * Token Economy**~ an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
 * Transference**~ in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Evaluating Psychotherapies

 * Meta-analysis**~ a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

The Biomedical Therapies

 * Electronconvulsive Therapy (ECT)**~ a biomedical therapy for severly depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
 * Lithium**~ a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
 * Lobotomy**~ a now-rare psychological procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
 * Psychopharmacology**~ the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
 * Psychosurgery~** surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior